Disclaimer

This Employability Skills book is a simplified learning resource created to support students in understanding essential workplace and life skills such as communication, thinking, teamwork, and digital awareness.

It is designed mainly for Simple Understanding , Eay to Revise, as employability skills are best developed through classroom activities , practice and real-life application rather than theory alone.

The content is student-friendly and simplified for easy understanding and note making. It is not a replacement for official textbooks or training standards, and may be adapted as per learner needs and teaching context.

SYLLABUS ACCORDING TO NIMI

Introduction to Employability Skills

1.1 Importance of Employability Skills

1.2 Learning Employability Skills Online

1.3 Explore the Future of Work

================================================================

Constitutional Values: Citizenship

2.1 My Values and Ethics

2.2 Our Constitution: Guiding Principles

2.3 Protecting Our Environment

================================================================

Becoming a Professional in the 21st Century

3.1 21" Century Employability Skills

3.2 Know Yourself

3.3 Behaviour and Attitude

3.4 Critical Thinking and Decision-Making

3.5 Time-Management in the Workplace

3.6 Problem-Solving

================================================================

Basic English Skills

4.1 Motivation to Learn English

4.2 Naming Words

4.3 Naming Words: Singular and Plural

4.4 Pronouns

4.5 Action Words

4.6 Describing Words, Objects, Surroundings and Processes

4.7 Introduction to Punctuation

4.8 Kinds of Sentences: Introduction

4.9 Writing Simple Sentences

================================================================

Communication Skills

5.1 Importance of Communication

5.2 Verbal Communication: Speaking

5.3 Verbal Communication: Writing

5.4 Non-Verbal Communication

5.5 Practicing Effective Communication

5.6 Workplace Communication: Introduction

5.7 Effective Team Work

5.8 Managing Conflicts

5.9 Handling Criticism

5.10 Assessing Your Communication Ability

================================================================

Essential Digital Skills

6.1 Introduction to Digital Skills

6.2 Basics of Computers

6.3 Exploring a Computer

6.4 Exploring Windows Operating System

6.5 Creating and Saving Files

6.6 Basics of MS Word

6.7 Creating Documents on MS Word

6.8 Basics of MS Excel

6.9 Simple Functions on MS Excel

6.10 Introduction to Digital Skills

6.11 Using Search Engines

6.12 Searching for the Right Information Online

6.13 Social Media

6.14 Social Media for Professional Development

6.15 Internet Safety

6.16 Communication Using Email

6.17. Introduction to Mobile Applications

6.18 Internet of Things (IoT)

6.16 Using Online Meeting Tools for Interviews

6.20 Exploring Popular Sites for Learning and Career Growth

==================================================================

E-learning means learning online.
It is not only for school. You can learn anytime in life.

Benefits:

Learn computer and digital skills
Learn skills for jobs
Try new career ideas
Learn at low cost
Get latest information
Learn what you like
Grow in your career
Learn quickly
Study anytime, anywhere
Stay more interested in learning
Remember things better
Easy to use and access

E-learning is important today.
To grow in life, you should keep learning new things.

Post COVID-19 Job Market

More machines – Robots and machines are doing many jobs.
Work from home – People can work from home.
Jobs from anywhere – Anyone in India can apply, so competition is high.
Digital skills needed – Everyone must know basic computer and online use.
Online businesses – Apps like Uber, Zomato, Swiggy are growing.
Green jobs – Jobs that help nature and reduce pollution.

===============================================================

Ethics:

Ethics means knowing what is right and wrong.
It helps people live safely and happily in society.

👉 Example: Returning a lost phone is the right thing.

Values:

Values are what we believe in, like honesty and respect.

They guide how we think and act.

👉 Example: Being on time shows your value of punctuality.

Important Point:

Ethics are for everyone in society.

Values are personal and can be different for each person.

👉 Good values make a good person.

Trustworthiness

Be honest
Be reliable
Be loyal

Responsibility

Be accountable
Keep trying
Do your best
Think before acting
Have self-control

Caring

Be kind
Show empathy
Help others

Citizenship

Respect public property
Protect nature
Follow rules

Fairness

Be non-judgemental
Think with facts
Be open-minded
Do not spread fake news

Respect

Respect everyone
Do not hurt others’ feelings

===============================

Everyday Ethics Examples

Telling the truth
→ Always speak truth, even if you made a mistake.
Not cheating
→ Do your own work in exams and homework.
Helping others
→ Help friends, teachers, or anyone in need.
Sharing things
→ Share your toys, books, or food with others.
Respecting elders
→ Speak politely to parents, teachers, and elders.
Following rules
→ Obey school rules and listen to teachers.
Being fair
→ Do not take extra turns while playing; give chance to others.
Saying sorry
→ Say sorry when you hurt someone.
Keeping promises
→ Do what you said you will do.
Taking care of things
→ Do not damage school property or others’ belongings.

Everyday Values Examples

Kindness
→ Being nice and caring to others.
Honesty
→ Speaking the truth.
Respect
→ Talking politely and listening to others.
Love
→ Caring for family and friends.
Sharing
→ Giving your things to others also.
Helping nature
→ Always ready to help people.
Friendship
→ Being a good and loyal friend.
Responsibility
→ Doing your work on time (homework, chores).
Cleanliness
→ Keeping yourself and surroundings clean.
Patience
→ Waiting calmly without getting angry.

=======================================================

The Constitution of India is the rule book of our country.

It has laws and rules to run the country properly.

It also tells our rights and duties.

It helps keep the country fair and organized.

Did you know?

All countries have a Constitution
India has the longest Constitution
B. R. Ambedkar helped write it.

Preamble

It tells the goals of our country:

Justice – Fairness for all
Liberty – Freedom to think and speak
Equality – Everyone is equal
Fraternity – Unity and brotherhood

India is a Sovereign country

India makes its own decisions

India is a Socialist country

Everyone gets equal chances and help

India is a Secular country

All religions are treated equally

India is a Democratic country

People can share their opinions and choose

India is a Republic

People vote and choose their leaders

Rights ;

Right to Equality – Everyone is equal
Right to Freedom – Choose work and speak freely
Right Against Exploitation – No child labour
Right to Religion – Follow any religion
Cultural & Educational Rights – Protect culture and language
Right to Constitutional Remedies – Go to court for justice

Duties (What we should do):

Follow rules
Respect others
Help society
Be responsible (like wearing a helmet, parking properly)

👉 Rights and duties make us good citizens.

Environmental Problems

Land Pollution – Waste and chemicals spoil the land
Air Pollution – Smoke from vehicles and factories pollutes air
Water Pollution – Chemicals and plastic dirty the water
Deforestation – Cutting trees destroys forests
Soil Erosion – Soil is washed away by wind and water

Effects of Pollution

Ozone Depletion – Harmful gases damage the ozone layer and affect health
Global Warming – Earth becomes hotter due to pollution
Loss of Biodiversity – Plants and animals die or lose homes
Health Problems – People may get diseases like breathing problems

👉 We must protect the environment for a safe future.

================================================================

To protect nature, we should follow green habits:

Use bicycles or public transport
Avoid harmful chemicals
Save electricity (switch off lights)
Use less plastic
Carry cloth or paper bags
Recycle things like paper and bottles
Plant trees

👉 Small steps can save our planet 🌍

The Industrial Revolution means big changes in how things are made.
Machines and technology are used instead of only human work.

Over time, these changes made life very different.

👉 Example: Earlier, toys were handmade.
Now, machines make many toys quickly in factories.

==========================

Types of Smartness

Picture Smart

Like drawing and pictures
Understand charts and images

Word Smart

Like reading and writing
Speak and explain well

Logic Smart

Good at solving problems
Like maths and experiments

Body Smart

Good at sports and dance
Learn by doing

Music Smart

Like singing and music
Remember songs easily

People Smart

Talk and work well with others
Understand people’s feelings

Self Smart

Know yourself well
Understand your feelings

Nature Smart

Love plants, animals, and outdoors
Enjoy nature activities

Behavioural skills mean how we act and behave with people and situations.

Important Skills:

Communication – Speak, listen, and write well
Self-Improvement – Try to become better every day
Time Management – Finish work on time
Conflict Resolution – Solve fights calmly
Decision-Making – Choose the right option
Problem-Solving – Find answers to problems

=======================

Attitude means how we think about things.
It affects how we react in life.

We cannot control everything, but we can keep a positive attitude.

How to stay positive:

Enjoy small happy moments
Accept things you cannot change
Find good in bad situations
Think in a positive way
Believe in yourself

👉 A positive attitude makes life better

Self-motivation means pushing yourself to do better.
It helps you reach your goals and feel happy.

Simple tips:

Just start your work
Do work in small steps
Reward yourself after success
Be kind to yourself
Work with a friend
Learn from others’ success stories

Critical Thinking

Critical thinking means thinking carefully to solve a problem.
It helps us know if something is true or not.

👉 Ask questions like:

Is this true?
What are the facts?
What can I do?

👉 Do not believe everything. Think and check first.

Decision Making

Decision making means choosing the best option.

Steps:

Find the problem
Think of choices
Choose the best one
Do it
Learn from it

👉 Good thinking helps you make better decisions 👍

Time management means using your time properly.

👉 Example: Ram should manage his time and learn painting instead of leaving it.

Why it is important:

Learn more skills
Grow in career
Help your team
Do work better
Finish work on time
Balance work and life

👉 Everyone has 24 hours. Use your time wisely ⏰

Time Management Steps

Set a goal
List all tasks
Make a daily plan
Give time to each task
Set reminders
Avoid distractions
Follow a routine

👉 Plan your time and stay organized 👍

Pomodoro Technique ;

Pick a task
Plan your work list
Set a timer for 25 minutes
Work with full focus (no distractions)
Stop when time is up (1 Pomodoro)
Take a 5-minute break
Repeat the steps
After 4 Pomodoros, take a longer break (15–30 minutes)
Record your progress

Creative Problem Solving ;

Problem solving means finding answers to problems in daily life.

Steps:

Identify the problem
Break it into small parts
Find solutions for each part
Choose the best solution
Apply the solution and check
Practice to improve
If it doesn’t work, try another way

Creative Problem Solving – Example

👉 Problem: You have a test tomorrow but also homework to finish.

Steps:

Identify the problem – Less time for both tasks
Break it – Study + Homework
Find solutions – Make a small timetable
Choose best – Finish homework first, then study
Apply – Follow the plan
Check – Did you complete both?
If not – Change plan (wake up early next time)

👉 This way, you solve problems step by step

==================================================================

Importance of the English Language

1. Common language
English helps us talk to people from different places.

2. Better job chances
Knowing English helps in interviews and jobs.

3. Use internet easily
Most information online is in English.

4. Fun and entertainment
You can enjoy movies, shows, and videos in English.

👉 Learning English helps in study, work, and daily life.

=========================

Importance of Naming Words

Naming words help us name people, places, animals, and things.

👉 Example:
Road, school, bank, bus, boy, cats, sky, clouds, crow

Without naming words, we cannot tell or explain what we see.

👉 Naming words make speaking and writing clear and easy.

========================

Singular and Plural (Naming Words)

Singular means one
👉 Example: cloud, teacher, park, puppy, dress

Plural means more than one
👉 Example: clouds, teachers, parks, puppies, dresses

👉 Singular = one, Plural = many

1. Noun (Naming Words)

A noun is the name of a person, place, animal, or thing.

Examples:

Ravi is a boy.
The dog is barking.
This is a school.

2. Pronoun (Replacing Words)

A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.

Examples:

He is my friend.
She is reading.
They are playing.

3. Verb (Action Words)

A verb shows action or what someone is doing.

Examples:

I eat rice.
She runs fast.
They play football.

4. Adjective (Describing Words)

An adjective describes a noun.

Examples:

The red ball is big.
She has a small bag.
It is a sweet mango.

5. Adverb (Describes Action)

An adverb tells how, when, or where something happens.

Examples:

He runs fast.
She sings nicely.
They came early.

6. Preposition (Position Words)

A preposition shows place or position.

Examples:

The book is on the table.
The cat is under the chair.
He is in the room.

7. Conjunction (Joining Words)

A conjunction joins two words or sentences.

Examples:

I like tea and coffee.
He is tired but happy.
I will go if you come.

8. Interjection (Feeling Words)

An interjection shows sudden feelings.

Examples:

Wow! It is a big cake.
Oh! I lost my pen.
Hurray! We won the match.

====================

Describing Words (Adjectives)

Adjectives are words that describe people, places, animals, or things.

👉 Examples:

Red bus
Tall girl
Yellow shirt
Lovely house

Types of adjectives:

Colour – blue, red, orange
Size – big, small, long
Quality – happy, sharp, useful

Importance:

Give more details
Make sentences clear and interesting
Help us understand better

👉 Adjectives make our language better and clearer 👍

4.7 Introduction to Punctuation

Importance of Punctuation Marks

Punctuation marks help us understand sentences clearly.

👉 Example:

Without punctuation: I love cooking my family and my pets
With punctuation: I love cooking, my family, and my pets

Why it is important:

Makes meaning clear
Makes reading easy
Helps sentences sound better

👉 Punctuation helps us read and understand correctly 👍

Punctuation Marks

Full Stop (.)

Used at the end of a sentence

Capital Letter

First letter of a sentence is capital
The word “I” is always capital

Comma (,)

Shows a small pause in a sentence
Used to list items
👉 Example: red, blue, green
Used to join two parts of a sentence
👉 Example: After we eat, we will rest

👉 Punctuation makes sentences clear and easy to read 👍

Types of Sentences

1. Declarative Sentence

Tells information or facts
Ends with a full stop (.)
👉 Example: I love my cat.

2. Exclamatory Sentence

Shows strong feelings (happy, angry, surprised)
Ends with an exclamation mark (!)
👉 Example: Wow! You did a great job!

3. Imperative Sentence

Gives a command or instruction
👉 Example: Close the door.

4. Interrogative Sentence

Asks a question
Ends with a question mark (?)
👉 Example: Where are you going?

How to Become a Better Reader

Why we read:

For information – learn new things
For instructions – follow steps correctly
For fun – enjoy stories and books

Tips to improve reading:

Read daily (books, news, posters, online)
Read what you like
Spend 20 minutes every day
Underline important or new words
Learn meanings of new words

Understanding posters:

Read the title first
Look at main points
Then read details

Understanding signs & symbols:

Arrows → show direction
Red → do not do
Yellow → be careful
Recycle sign → can be reused
Exit sign → way out

👉 Reading regularly makes you smarter and more confident 👍

=======================================

Speaking Expressions

Good communication is not only about words. It also includes your voice and facial expressions.

Voice Expression:

Use different tones (happy, sad, serious)
Do not speak in one flat tone
Speak loudly for a group
Speak softly for few people

Facial Expressions:

Show feelings through your face
Maintain eye contact
Look at people while speaking

👉 Good voice + good expressions = better communication 👍

===============================================

Importance of Listening

Listening is an important part of communication.
It helps us understand others better.

Why we listen:

For information – to learn new things (news, announcement

=========================

Greetings and Self-Introduction

Greetings:

👉 Formal (respectful situations):

Good morning
Good afternoon
Good evening
Hello

👉 Informal (friends & family):

Hi
Hello
Hey

Self-Introduction:

Say your name
Share simple details (class, work, place)

👉 Example:
Hello, my name is Rohit. I am a student.

👉 Good greeting + clear introduction = good communication 👍

===========

Question:
A question is asked to get information.
It ends with a question mark (?).

👉 Example: Are you coming?

Response (Answer):
A response is the answer to a question.

👉 Example: Yes, I am coming.

Types of Questions:

1. Wh-Questions

Start with who, what, when, where, why, how
👉 Example: What is your name?
👉 Answer: My name is Ravi.

2. Yes/No Questions

Answer is yes or no
👉 Example: Do you have a pen?
👉 Answer: Yes, I have a pen.

👉 You can also say:

I’m not sure
I don’t know

👉 Good questions and answers help in clear communication 👍

====================

Group Discussion (Simple & Clear Notes)

What is a Group Discussion?
A group discussion is when many people share ideas on a topic.

Benefits:

Learn more
Solve problems
Share new ideas
Understand others
Build confidence

Tips to speak well:

Understand the topic
Prepare your points
Speak clearly and confidently
Maintain eye contact
Listen carefully
Do not interrupt

Useful Expressions:

👉 Giving opinion:

In my opinion…
It seems to me that…

👉 Sharing facts:

The fact is that…
We must keep in mind that…

👉 Agreeing:

I agree with…
You are right

👉 Disagreeing (politely):

I don’t quite agree…
I’m not convinced that…

Example (Computer Lab Topic):

In my opinion, a 24-hour lab is helpful for students.
We must keep in mind that safety is important.
I’m not convinced that it should be open all night.

👉 Speak clearly, listen well, and respect others 👍

====================

Difference: Formal vs Informal Call

Language:
Formal – polite and professional
Informal – casual and friendly
Introduction:
Formal – introduce yourself clearly
Informal – no need to introduce
Purpose:
Formal – clear and specific reason
Informal – general or personal talk

Three Phases of a Telephone Call

Beginning:

Greet the person
Introduce yourself

Middle:

Say reason for calling
Discuss details

End:

Thank the person
Say goodbye

Key Terms

Caller: person who makes the call
Receiver: person who answers
On hold: call is waiting
Engaged: line is busy

Useful Phrases

Making a call:

Hello, this is [name] from [place]

Asking for someone:

May I speak to [name]?

Reason for calling:

I am calling to discuss…
I just wanted to ask…

Checking availability:

Is this a good time to talk?

Asking to repeat:

Could you please repeat that?
Let me confirm…

Example

Hello, this is Rahul from ABC company.
May I speak to Mr. Kumar?
I am calling to ask about internship.
Thank you, have a nice day.

================

What is a Job Description?

A job description is a document that gives details about a job, including duties, skills, and requirements.

Purpose:

Explains job responsibilities
Shows required skills and qualifications
Helps people know if the job suits them

Main Parts of a Job Description

1. Job Title:
Name of the job role

2. Summary:
Brief details about the job and company

3. Responsibilities & Duties:
Tasks you have to do

4. Qualifications & Skills:
Education, experience, and abilities needed

5. Other Details:
Location, how to apply, last date

How to Check Job Fit

Do I have required skills?
Do I like the work?
Do I meet qualifications?

Example Answer (Thinking Box)

Skills for pickle business worker:

Food preparation skills
Cleanliness and hygiene

Activity Answers

Location → Chennai
MS Office → Knowing how to use MS Word/Excel
Bachelor’s compulsory → False

Speak & Share Information about Workplace

How to Describe Your Job

Step 1: Job name

I am a teacher.

Step 2: Workplace

I work at a college.

Step 3: Responsibilities

I teach robotics and guide students.

Example (Plumber)

I am a plumber.
I work for a local company.
I repair pipes and water systems.

Sharing Opinions

Positive:

I enjoy my work
My team is supportive

Negative (polite):

Work can be challenging
Sometimes workload

==========================

What is a Job Application?

A job application is the first step to apply for a job. It gives your details to the company.

Ways to Apply for Jobs

In-person interview
Paper application (forms)
Online application

Details in Application

Name and contact details
Education
Work experience
Skills

Email Job Application Format

1. Subject Line
Name + Job title
Example: Rohit – Teaching Assistant Application

2. Greeting
Dear Sir/Madam

3. First Paragraph
Say which job you are applying for and where you saw it

4. Second Paragraph
Explain why you are suitable
Mention skills and experience

5. Last Paragraph
Thank them and say resume is attached

6. Closing
Sincerely / Best
Full name

Important Tip

Check spelling and grammar
Attach resume
Be polite and clear

👉 A good application increases your chance of getting selected 👍

===========================

Importance of Communication

Communication is important for three main reasons:

1. Sharing thoughts
We use communication to share ideas, plans, and daily thoughts with others.

2. Sharing feelings
We communicate to express happiness, anger, worry, and other emotions.

3. Learning new things
We ask questions and clear doubts through communication, which helps us learn and improve.

Thinking Box Answers

Talking – Yes
Writing a letter – Yes
Eating – No
Sleeping – No
Sending a WhatsApp message – Yes

Effective Communication Needs:

Clarity – Be clear and simple
Completeness – Give full information
Listening – Understand others properly

👉 Good communication helps in personal life and workplace success.

==================================================

Types of Communication

1. Verbal Communication

Communication using words
Can be spoken or written
Examples: conversations, phone calls, emails, books

2. Non-Verbal Communication

Communication without words
Uses body language, facial expressions, gestures
Examples: eye contact, posture, yawning

3. Written Communication

Communication through writing
Examples: letters, emails, messages, notices

4. Visual Communication

Communication using images or pictures
Examples: posters, videos, signs, movies

Verbal Communication (Speaking)

Uses spoken words
Happens face-to-face, phone, or online

Types of verbal communication:

Person to person
One person to group
Self-talk or writing notes

Important Points:

Communication needs a speaker and listener
Good communication = clear words + correct understanding
It helps in daily life, school, and work

👉 Communication makes sharing ideas easy and effective 👍

========================

5.4 Resume Writing

What is a Resume?

A resume is a formal document that summarizes your personal details, education, skills, and work experience. It is used when applying for jobs to show that you are suitable for a position.

A resume helps an employer quickly understand:

Who you are
What you have studied
What skills you have
What experience you have
Why you are suitable for the job

Main Sections of a Resume

1. Personal Information

This section includes basic identity details.

Full Name
Phone Number
Email Address
Address (optional in many cases)

2. Career Objective

A short statement about your goal.

Example:
“To obtain a responsible position where I can use my skills and contribute to the growth of the organization.”

3. Educational Qualification

Details of your studies.

School/College Name
Year of passing
Qualification (10th, 12th, Diploma, Degree etc.)
Percentage or grade (if required)

4. Skills

List of abilities relevant to the job.

Examples:

Communication skills
Computer knowledge
Teamwork
Problem-solving
Time management

5. Work Experience (if any)

Details of previous jobs or training.

Job title
Company name
Duration
Key responsibilities

6. Certifications / Training

Any additional training or courses completed.

Example:

Robotics Training Certificate
MS Office Certification

7. Declaration

A statement confirming that the information provided is true.

Example:
“I hereby declare that the above information is true to the best of my knowledge.”

8. Signature and Date

Your name
Signature
Date

=========================================

Example Resume Format

Name: Rohit
Phone: 9XXXXXXXXX
Email: example@email.com

Career Objective:
To build a career in a professional environment where I can apply my skills and grow.

Education:

Diploma in Robotics – ITI (Year)
10th Standard – Board (Year)

Skills:

Communication
Robotics operation
Problem solving
Time management

Experience:

Internship in Robotics Lab (Duration)

Declaration:
I hereby declare that the above information is true.

Date:
Signature:

===================

6Cs of Effective Communication at the Workplace (Summary)

Effective workplace communication should follow the 6Cs:

1. Clear

Your message should be easy to understand without confusion.

2. Correct

All information must be accurate, with no spelling, grammar, or factual errors.

3. Complete

Include all necessary details so the receiver does not need to ask again.

4. Concise

Keep your message short and to the point. Avoid unnecessary information.

5. Considerate

Think about the receiver’s situation, understanding level, and background.

6. Courteous

Be polite and respectful. Use words like please and thank you.

Key Idea;;

Effective workplace communication is not just about sharing information—it is about sharing it in the right way so the other person understands it correctly and responds easily.

===================================================

Barriers to Effective Communication & How to Eliminate Them

In the workplace, communication can fail due to certain barriers. Understanding them helps improve clarity and teamwork.

1. Language Differences

Different employees may speak different languages.

Problem:
Using a single local language (e.g., Marathi, Tamil, Hindi) can exclude others in the team.

Solution:

Use a common workplace language (usually English)
Ensure everyone understands the discussion
Avoid switching to regional language in group meetings

2. Unfamiliar or Technical Words

Workplaces often use industry-specific or formal business terms.

Problem:
Words like “due diligence”, “circle back”, “table this” may confuse new employees.

Solution:

Learn new terms gradually
Ask colleagues for clarification
Use reliable sources (dictionary/internet) for meaning

3. Different Communication Styles

Every organization has its own communication culture.

Problem:
Some workplaces prefer emails, others prefer meetings or instant messaging.

Solution:

Observe communication patterns in the organization
Follow the established system
Ask supervisors or colleagues when unsure

Workplace Text Messaging Guidelines

Text messaging is widely used, but it must remain professional.

Good Practices:

Use proper spelling and grammar
Avoid slang like “ur”, “omg”❌❌
Do not overuse emojis
Keep messages professional and clear
Reply promptly or inform if delayed
Use messages for quick communication only

Avoid:

Sending messages outside working hours (unless necessary)
Sharing confidential information casually
Using informal friend-style texting

Key Idea

Effective communication at work is about removing confusion, ensuring understanding, and following professional standards of interaction.

===============

What is Workplace Conflict?

Workplace conflict is a serious disagreement between two individuals or groups at work. It often lasts for some time and creates negative emotions such as anger, frustration, and lack of trust.

Conflicts usually happen when people:

Have different opinions
Think differently about how work should be done
Misunderstand each other

Effects of Conflict

When conflict happens, people may:

Feel angry, sad, or frustrated
Lose trust in each other
Find it difficult to work together
Experience tension in the workplace

Common Causes of Workplace Conflict

1. Poor Communication

Conflict happens when information is unclear or incomplete.

Example:
A meeting time is shared but the location is not mentioned. Different people go to different places, causing confusion and anger.

2. Differences in Personality and Values

People behave differently due to their personality, beliefs, and working style.

Example:
One person prefers working quietly, while another interrupts frequently in meetings. Repeated behaviour can lead to irritation and conflict.

3. Stress

Stress reduces patience and increases emotional reactions.

Example:
A tired employee may respond harshly when someone asks for help, leading to misunderstanding and conflict.

How to Resolve Workplace Conflict Effectively

1. Stay Calm

Do not react immediately in anger. Take time to think.

2. Communicate Clearly

Explain your issue in a simple and respectful way. Avoid blaming.

3. Listen to the Other Person

Understand their point of view before responding.

4. Focus on the Problem, Not the Person

Discuss the issue instead of attacking the individual.

5. Find a Common Solution

Try to reach a solution that works for everyone.

6. Involve a Mediator if Needed

If the conflict cannot be solved directly, involve a supervisor or manager.

Key Idea

Workplace conflict is normal, but it must be handled with calm communication, understanding, and problem-solving attitude to maintain teamwork and productivity.

================================

4.17 Telephone Skills ;

Top 3 differences between formal and informal calls

Language used
Formal calls use polite, structured language; informal calls use casual language and slang.
Introduction style
Formal calls require clear self-introduction (name, role, purpose); informal calls usually don’t need introduction.
Purpose and tone
Formal calls are task-oriented and professional; informal calls are personal and relaxed.

4.18 Thinking Box

Pick 2 skills needed for a pickle business assistant

Basic food handling and hygiene awareness
Communication and customer interaction skills
(Other valid answers: time management, packaging skills, honesty, basic accounting, etc.)

4.19 Workplace words (Select correct options)

Correct workplace-related words:

Office
Organization
Company
Shop
Bank
School
Building (acceptable as a workplace setting, though general)

Incorrect:

App, Employee, Loan, Plumber

4.20 Subject lines (Tick correct ones)

✔ Happy Birthday!
✘ Last Sunday, I went to watch a movie and I really liked it but I am still not sure who that actor was.

4.20 Resume (odd one out)

NOT part of a friend letter:

Your phone number
Your account number

(Also typically not needed in informal letters)

5.1 Communication (Thinking Box)

Talking — Yes
Writing a letter — Yes
Eating — No
Sleeping — No
Sending a WhatsApp message — Yes

5.1 Workplace communication (MCQ)

Correct answers:

It helps me discuss my ideas ✔
It helps me share my feelings ✔
It helps me go shopping ✘

5.4 Non-verbal / Verbal identification

Facial expressions → Non-verbal
Talking → Verbal
Writing → Written communication
Posters/videos/images → Visual communication
Body language → Non-verbal

5.5 Formal vs Informal

Best friend — I
Panchayat official — F
Office manager — F
Favourite cousin — I

5.8 Conflict question

If two friends are not talking for 2 weeks:

Talk to both separately first
Understand the reason for conflict
Encourage calm discussion
Help them clarify misunderstanding
Avoid taking sides

5.9 Criticism activity

Constructive criticism examples:
✔ “You need to practise your communication skills.”
✔ “You need some help with using that software.”

Unfair criticism:
✘ “Get out!”
✘ “That is the worst presentation I’ve ever seen!”

=============================================================

6.1 Introduction to Digital Skills – Answers

Thinking Box 1: Circle the digital skills you already have

(All of these are valid digital skills, so you may circle based on your experience.)

✔ Typing on a computer
✔ Searching for information online
✔ Downloading an app
✔ Sharing photos and videos with others
✔ Sending messages on a mobile
✔ Using email

Thinking Box 2: Do they need digital literacy?

Activity	Needs digital literacy?
Driving a car	❌ No
Creating a resume	✔ Yes
Calling customer care	✔ Yes (phone system / IVR is digital use)
Cooking paneer butter masala	❌ No
Painting a wall	❌ No

Activity: 3 things using digital technology

Sending WhatsApp messages to friends or family
Watching educational videos on YouTube
Searching information on Google for studies/work

Key concept summary (for revision)

Digital literacy = ability to use computers, internet, and digital devices effectively.
Everyday digital tools include: smartphones, laptops, tablets, internet services.
Digital skills are required in almost all modern jobs.

6.2 Basics of Computers – Answers

Thinking Box: Computer parts you may know

Common answers include:

Monitor / Screen
Keyboard
Mouse
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Speakers
Web camera
Trackpad (laptop)

Name all parts of a desktop computer

A standard desktop setup includes:

Monitor
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Keyboard
Mouse
Speakers
Web camera

Functions of important parts

1. Input Unit (used to give instructions to computer)

Keyboard → types text and numbers
Mouse → controls pointer and selects items
Microphone → inputs sound/voice
Web camera → inputs video/images
Trackpad → mouse function in laptops

2. CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Known as the brain of the computer
Processes instructions and data
Controls all operations of the computer
Stores and manages information temporarily during work

3. Output Unit (shows results to user)

Monitor → displays text, images, videos
Speakers → produce sound from the computer

Starting and shutting down a computer

Power Button

Symbol used to switch device ON/OFF
Found on CPU, laptops, TVs, remotes

Shutting down steps

Click Start / Menu (Windows symbol)
Click Power button option
Select Shut Down

Key understanding (for revision)

Input = gives data to computer
CPU = processes data (brain)
Output = shows results
Proper shutdown prevents damage and saves electricity

1. Effective Communication at Workplace

Communication happens through:

Speaking (meetings, calls)
Writing (emails, documents, chat)
Listening and reading

⭐ 6Cs of Communication

Clear – easy to understand
Correct – no errors or wrong facts
Complete – all required information included
Concise – short and to the point
Considerate – respects others’ views
Courteous – polite and professional

2. Barriers to Communication

Common barriers:

Language differences
Unfamiliar workplace jargon
Different communication styles

How to overcome:

Use common language
Ask doubts immediately
Observe workplace communication style

3. Workplace Messaging (Chat & Email)

Email → formal communication, decisions
Chat → quick discussions, updates

Rules:

No slang (ur, omg)
No excessive emojis
Avoid off-hours messaging
Be professional
Reply promptly

4. Workplace Conflict

Meaning:

Disagreement between people/groups causing tension and emotional stress.

Causes:

Poor communication
Personality/value differences
Stress

Effects:

Anger, frustration
Reduced teamwork
Loss of trust

5. Handling Criticism

Types:

Constructive criticism → helps improve
Unfair criticism → rude, personal, unhelpful

How to respond:

✔ Stay calm
✔ Listen carefully
✔ Identify useful points
✔ Ask questions
✔ Thank the person
✔ Avoid reacting emotionally

6. Self-Assessment

You evaluate:

Communication strengths
Areas to improve
Confidence in speaking, writing, teamwork, conflict handling

1. Digital Literacy

Ability to use:

Computer
Internet
Mobile devices

2. Basic Computer Concepts

Devices:

Desktop vs Laptop

Components:

Input: keyboard, mouse, mic, camera
CPU: brain of computer
Output: monitor, speakers

3. Power & Shutdown

Power button → start/stop system
Always shut down properly
Avoid force shutdown

4. Device Connection

Two types:

Wired (USB, ports)
Wireless (Bluetooth, WiFi)

5. Operating System (Windows)

OS = system software controlling computer

Versions:

Windows 7 → Start button menu
Windows 8 → tile-based screen
Windows 10 → search bar + modern UI

6. Files & Folders

File types:

Word, Excel, PowerPoint

Actions:

Save → Ctrl + S
Copy → Ctrl + C
Cut → Ctrl + X
Paste → Ctrl + V

7. MS Word

Used for:

Letters
Reports
Notes

Formatting:

Bold (Ctrl + B)
Italic (Ctrl + I)
Underline (Ctrl + U)

Page layout:

Portrait (vertical)
Landscape (horizontal)

Print:

Ctrl + P

8. MS Excel

Used for:

Data storage
Calculations
Charts

Structure:

Cell (B5)
Row (horizontal)
Column (vertical)
Sheet (page)

Functions:

SUM → addition
AVERAGE → mean

Example:
=SUM(B1:B6)

9. Internet Basics

Global network
Used for communication, learning, entertainment

Connection:

Mobile data
WiFi

10. Search Engines

Google (most used)
Bing, Yahoo, DuckDuckGo

Keyword rule:

Better keywords = better results
Example:
❌ “recipe”
✔ “Indian butter paneer recipe”

11. Finding Reliable Information

Use specific search terms:

Job + location + role
Scheme + state + category

12. Government Portals (Important)

National Portal of India → india.gov.in
Integrated Government Online Directory → igod.gov.in
Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) → myaadhaar.uidai.gov.in

6.13 Social Media

Social media = platforms to share text, images, videos, links.
Examples: WhatsApp, Instagram, Facebook, Telegram, LinkedIn, Twitter.
Profiles include name, photo, bio.
Key use differences:
- WhatsApp → messaging/calls
- Instagram → photos/reels
- Twitter → short posts/news
- LinkedIn → jobs/professional networking
⚠️ Safety:
- Don’t share personal data (address, bank, password)
- Don’t meet strangers
- Don’t click unknown links
- Avoid fake news

6.14 Social Media for Professional Growth

my village show

khan academy

Uses:
- Showcase skills (LinkedIn/YouTube)
- Join professional groups
- Stay updated with trends
THINK principle before sharing:
- True, Helpful, Inspiring, Necessary, Kind
Social media can build careers if used responsibly.

6.15 Internet Safety

SMART rule:
S: Stay safe (no personal info)
- M: Don’t meet online strangers
- A: Avoid unknown files/links
- R: Verify information
- T: Tell someone if unsafe
SafeSearch filters unsafe content.
Cybercrime = online illegal activity (fraud, hacking, bullying).
Report: cybercrime.gov.in or 155260

6.16 Email Communication

Email = digital message system.
Format: username@gmail.com
Features:
- Inbox, send, reply, attachments
CC = visible copy to others
BCC = hidden recipients
Used for communication, files, professional messages.

6.17 Mobile Applications

Apps = software for mobile devices.
Uses:
- Learning (YouTube, Dictionary, Google Search)
- Communication
- Productivity
Important: safe usage + responsible browsing

6.18 Internet of Things (IoT)

The Internet of Things (IoT) means:

👉 Normal things (like fan, fridge, light, car) can talk to the internet and work automatically.

Easy Example:

Imagine your home light.

Normally: You switch it ON or OFF yourself.
With IoT: You can switch it from your mobile phone, even if you are not at home.

Another Simple Example:

A smart watch checks your heartbeat and sends it to your phone.
A smart fridge tells you when milk is finished.
A smart AC turns ON before you reach home.

Simple Meaning:

👉 IoT means “things connected to the internet that can send information and do work automatically.”

Smart devices: smartphone, smart TV, smartwatch, smart home.
IoT = devices connected to internet.
Voice assistants:
- Alexa, Siri, Google Assistant
Tasks: calls, alarms, music, weather, smart control.

6.19 Online Meetings

Tools: Zoom, Google Meet
Features:
- Video/audio meetings
- Share meeting link/ID
Zoom: join via link or meeting ID
Google Meet: uses Gmail account
Used for interviews, classes, discussions.

6.20 Learning & Career Websites

Platforms:

Khan Academy (school subjects)
Coursera / edX / Udemy (courses)
NPTEL (IIT courses)
Codecademy (coding)
Duolingo (languages)

Continuous learning strategies:
- Read regularly
- Take courses
- Learn new skills
- Set goals

===================================================

EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS BOOK - IN SHORT

Everyday Ethics Examples

Everyday Values Examples

1. Noun (Naming Words)

2. Pronoun (Replacing Words)

3. Verb (Action Words)

4. Adjective (Describing Words)

5. Adverb (Describes Action)

6. Preposition (Position Words)

7. Conjunction (Joining Words)

8. Interjection (Feeling Words)

Difference: Formal vs Informal Call

Three Phases of a Telephone Call

Key Terms

Useful Phrases

Example

What is a Job Description?

Purpose:

Main Parts of a Job Description

How to Check Job Fit

Example Answer (Thinking Box)

Activity Answers

Speak & Share Information about Workplace

How to Describe Your Job

Example (Plumber)

Sharing Opinions

What is a Job Application?

Ways to Apply for Jobs

Details in Application

Email Job Application Format

Important Tip

5.4 Resume Writing

What is a Resume?

Main Sections of a Resume

1. Personal Information

2. Career Objective

3. Educational Qualification

4. Skills

5. Work Experience (if any)

6. Certifications / Training

7. Declaration

8. Signature and Date

=========================================

Example Resume Format

6Cs of Effective Communication at the Workplace (Summary)

1. Clear

2. Correct

3. Complete

4. Concise

5. Considerate

6. Courteous

Key Idea;;

Barriers to Effective Communication & How to Eliminate Them

1. Language Differences

2. Unfamiliar or Technical Words

3. Different Communication Styles

Workplace Text Messaging Guidelines

Good Practices:

Avoid:

Key Idea

What is Workplace Conflict?

Effects of Conflict

Common Causes of Workplace Conflict

1. Poor Communication

2. Differences in Personality and Values

3. Stress

How to Resolve Workplace Conflict Effectively

1. Stay Calm

2. Communicate Clearly

3. Listen to the Other Person

4. Focus on the Problem, Not the Person

5. Find a Common Solution

6. Involve a Mediator if Needed

Key Idea

4.17 Telephone Skills ;

4.18 Thinking Box

4.19 Workplace words (Select correct options)

4.20 Subject lines (Tick correct ones)

4.20 Resume (odd one out)

5.1 Communication (Thinking Box)